What is the current practice of applying simulation modeling in the Essay

What is the current practice of applying simulation modeling in the oil and gas industries - Essay Example Simulation modeling is the process of creating computer models that represent the actual production and important logistics processes in the oil industry. The process not only considers the viability of the designed project but it is useful in the prediction of uncertainty such as weather in the oil industry. The aspect of uncertainty is incorporated into the models as random variable, these variables represents uncertain events such as equipment breakdown and destructive weather condition. The system depends on statistical distribution to determine frequency and patterns that determine the occurrence of uncertain events. Using simulation enables the players of the oil industry to work with proven methodologies that reduce or eliminate possible risks (Lanner, 2008). Like most models simulation depend heavily on the use of symbols and animation to represent key factors in the production and logistic sector of the industry. The models therefore use these symbols and animation to represent movements of ships between ports and stations. The models also have appropriate symbols that represent the variation of inventory according to demand and production. Most simulation screens have unique icons that represent facilities, equipments, and products. With the current improvements in technology, simulation applies the latest simulation software and graphical technology to enhance accuracy through the projection of 3D images. These images provide a good representation of real equipments and facilities that promote communication the concerned (GÃ ³rski, 2006). Simulation is not only important in the design and decision-making but its application results in massive benefits. The first application of simulation model that is of great significance to the industry is the validation of new receiving and shipping terminals. The models are also

Early Photography Essay Example for Free

Early Photography Essay Photography nowadays becomes an accessible form of hobby. The latest technology used for photography appears to be affordable for everybody who wants to pursue a skill in taking photos. Before the digital age, photography is known to be a pricey and a hard task to be an expert with but due to the accessibility that modern technology offer, photography is enjoyed by people coming from all walks of life. Capturing a real still-life image is the groundbreaking phenomenon that photography presented when it was created. The moment photography came to life; it opened an array of opportunities when it comes to media such as the television. Photography became established around early 1800s. The campaign for realism in any artistic endeavor flourished during the Renaissance period and the invention of photography was made out of that pursuit. Realism manifested in every form of art such as in sculpture, drawings, and paintings where the real-life images have been the goal of every artist to attain. Though photography has been established as a branch of art and science, capturing images was a subject of research during ancient civilizations such as in the time of the great Greek philosophers. Simple devices were developed in attempting to capture real images and as realism became an intense motivation in the arts and the study of science, the invention of photography contributed to various disciplines of its capability to capture real images. The invention of photography provided a whole new venue and easier way of capturing reality. Its popularity increased when sophisticated devices were further created and visual arts was taken into a different level. However, through the creation of photography, the interests to arts began to focus on taking real life pictures disregarding other forms of visual arts which were well-practiced before. Photography threatened painting and drawing because it brought the fullness and particularity of past reality alive in the present, a quality Benjamin calls the ‘spark of contingency. ’ The extension of industrial and mechanical means of reproduction to cultural products had a potentially transformatory impact on the traditional form of art. (Dant 115) This impact can be considered as the convenient use of cameras in photography. Unlike painting and drawing, producing does not take up so much time, inexpensive, and can be easily reproduced. Photography is indeed a breakthrough in the field of arts. It recorded the most important events in history with just one press of the shutter and reproduced and preserved throughout the years. Technology became an artist’s company in terms of executing his or her own concepts. Photography is a discipline of art which has been enhanced by modern technology. Without its invention, there would be no visual records of historical details which can be shown to the future generations. The photos generated by early photography served as a time machine to show what happened in the past. The preservation of such events like the two major World Wars became possible because of photography. Restoration and reproduction became easier and did not require lots of work, unlike with painting and drawings. Photography is an art. Just like painting and drawing, capturing the images from reality can be manipulated with usage of devices. In photography, to be able to achieve different results, natural light is the element in which it can be manipulated to be able to came up with an enhanced or various effects of a real image. The creative vision of the artist is the main tool for photography to consider as an art because the camera is just a tool and the settings are provided for the photographer’s use. This vision is being performed in photography in manually positioning of artificial and natural light and the object itself through the lens. The works of modern photographers such as Cindy Sherman became known for their photos where they determine the position of lights and the objects. Photography is a discipline where there are theories to follow but for it be called an art, it is highly dependent on the execution of the photographer. References Dant, T. (2003). Critical Social Theory. USA: Sage.

A Social Business, Microlending Essay -- Microlending Development

What is microlending? In simplest terms microlending is the lending of very small amounts of money at low interest, to low income people in urban and rural areas. It started forty years ago, when a person named Muhammad Yunus was visiting his family and his country Bangladesh which had recently become an independent country. Muhammad Yunus had left his home country then –East Bengal- when he was a child with his parents in search of a better future. He graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, with a PhD in economics. Muhammad Yunus is the founder of Grameen Bank, the first non-profit organization to offer microfinance services in Bangladesh and in the world (New York Times). This bank showed the world on how little money can make a tremendous difference in people’s lives. Presently, there are thousands of institutions around the world that offer microfinance services, which sometimes suffer setbacks and uncertainties as any other for-profit or non-p rofit organization. When Muhammad Yunus was in Bangladesh, he realized that Bangladeshis were living in a more precarious condition than he had imagined and read on the newspapers. Many people owed money to these ruthless and heartless village money lenders. These people were never going to repay the loans because the interest rates were so high therefore, they were trapped for life. However, he found something very thought-provoking, which was the fact that when he accumulated the debt of approximately forty people, the grand total was seventy dollars. He gave people money out of his pocket so that they can repay their debt and they can be liberated. This was the moment when the idea of creating a microfinance institution originated- Muhammad Yunus realized that ... ...lo. "Can Microlending Save Haiti :[Money and Business/Financial Desk]. " New York Times 14 Nov. 2010, Late Edition (East Coast): ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 5 Dec. 2010. Richard Chacon, Globe Staff. "SMALL LOANS, BIG HOPES MICROLENDING LETS HAITIANS SEEK CREDIT :[THIRD Edition]. " Boston Globe 7 Oct. 2000,ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. David Gonzalez. "A Haitian Bank Takes Its Money to the Streets. " New York Times 17 Apr. 2001, Late Edition (East Coast): ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 8 Dec. 2010. FARID HOSSAIN. "2006 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE / Beating poverty, $200 at a time / Thousands of Bangladeshis pulled from despair by man's tiny loans :[3 STAR , 0 Edition]. " Houston Chronicle 14 Oct. 2006,ProQuest National Newspapers Premier, ProQuest. Web. 11 Dec. 2010.

The Character of Mrs. Sommers in Chopin’s A Pair of Silk Stockings Essa

The Character of Mrs. Sommers in Chopin’s A Pair of Silk Stockings  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The attempt to escaping reality proves to be a timeless act in "A Pair of Silk Stockings" by Kate Chopin. The wishful Mrs. Sommers surprisingly finds herself with a sum of money unusually large for her circumstances and in her relishing and spending it reveals herself to be truly a woman of good intentions but who is weak for the intensity of the moment. Chopin has developed a character in Mrs. Sommers who plays out the fantasy of all people, rich or poor: to be someone they are not and for a day live someone else's life. Mrs. Sommers demonstrates characteristics of a prized knight such as chivalry and frugality yet confirms her mere humanity by indulging herself in the world's material pleasures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mrs. Sommers is a diligent homemaker who is chivalrous to her children's needs. When coming upon this grand sum of money and contemplating how to use the funds, her first thoughts are of her children's needs and not her own. Her mind wonders not to ways she may spoil herself but rather to ways in which she could improve her children's belongings creating for them a better life than for herself. "The vision of her little brood looking fresh and dainty and new for once in their lives excited her" (194). Chopin brings Mrs. Sommers pure intentions into clear view and with this snippet of information about her lets the reader realize that Mrs. Sommers has her priorities in line and bears a humble heart. Also in telling of Mrs. Sommers desires for her children, Chopin makes known of this mother's hard working attitude toward her position in life. As Mrs. Sommers considers the new apparel she may buy her family, she thinks over the duties that fil... ...rment. In this way Mrs. Sommers characterizes all women in that she appreciates the simple material pleasures, and through her, the reader can have an insight into the souls of women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characteristics displayed in Mrs. Sommers are those of a valiant woman who simply needs a lapse from the usual happenings of her life. She displays qualities of an ideal mother in that she puts her children before herself, the ideal wife because she is prudent with money, and she attempts the ideal fantasy - to escape reality. Her standards are high but reachable. Mrs. Sommers is an identifiable mannerism to any woman. Kate Chopin created a magnificent female character in Mrs. Sommers, which gives hope to women and maybe a little clarification to men. Works Cited Chopin, Kate.   The Awakening and Selected Stories.   New York: Viking Penguin/Penguin, 1984. 262-66.

Cultural Management Issues in International Business Essay

Cultural issues in business are a phenomenon born by globalization of the market where companies invest in a foreign country to bring the culture of the host country and the company’s culture into contact. Today, numerous international companies have rushed to invest in abroad to gain additional profits from worldwide customers. The market today is defined by global market that permits sharing of customers worldwide. However, during fierce competition, the market winners become the companies that who understand the Chinese culture. Cultural human resource management is critic for international companies in such situation. The market globalization has resulted to multinational practices and enterprises for additional profit and opportunities. There is myriad literature on cross-cultural human resource management that guides international companies. Practically, some companies lost managing of cultural human resource which makes them fail. Summary of the Case Study In April 2003, top managers and programmers working for a start-up internet B2B company known as Alibaba in the south of Chinaware summoned by the company founder and given a secret mission. They were told to develop a C2C Internet auction site within three months as a counter attack to the much-celebrated eBay entry into the Chinese market. The new company was named Taobao, to mean treasure hunting. Similarly, the mission was impossible. eBay became the goliath of the e-commerce world, with success recorded in the US and the prowess in the international operations and marketing (Hang, Wenjiang, Xing & Ziwei, 2013). Besides, the company is adequately armed in the pockets and developers. Meanwhile, Alibaba was just an internet starting company and had less knowledge on international venture investors than the most of the consumers in china and is still struggling to overcome the aftermath of the dot com cash. By the end of 2006, Taobao announced its possession of 30 million active account users, while it was estimated at 75% of the total C2C user markets in china. Besides, the total number of transactions exceeded 16 million RMB, estimated at $ 2.07. Conversely, eBay china announced in December 2006 that it would negotiate a joint venture with a local company (Hang, Wenjiang, Xing & Ziwei, 2013). Therefore, it transferred its C2C operation to the joint venture in exchange for a 49% stake is the joint company. At the same time, the C2C marketing had experienced explosive growth from 6 million users to 40 million users. The company stakeholders included the highly educated, professional elite and experienced employees, and executives experienced in western education and are hired worldwide. Besides, the stakeholders of Taobao included highly motivated college students who considered each as brothers and sisters in the company and were only promoted within the company. The executives were lo cal graduates and most promoted from the local company. The case study explores the question why the international internet firms suffered a setback and defeats in trying to grow in the emerging Chinese e-commerce market. Additionally, the essay offers some insights into how multinational firms could compete with the local companies. The case study is based on the two explore rivals in china: eBay and Taobao. Theory Analysis Cultural issues in business management are geared towards the establishment of the business goals through efficient and effective organizing, coordinating, planning, staffing, directing and controlling the resources of the organization. To detail, most business entities differ in a new environment for cultural management. Theoretically, the five culture dimensions clearly tell the similarities and differences in cultures of various countries. According to Professor Geert Hofstede’s research that was conducted on international business management, he concluded four culture dimensions. Individualism IDV, power distance index PDI, uncertainty avoidance index UAI and masculinity MAS, however, he later summarized with the long-term orientation LTO. The research was done to analyze the influence on cultural issues that affect international business. The Context of the Theory Power Distance Index The PDI tells how much the less powerful country’s people respect and accept the uneven power distributed. The societal inequality if followed by the difference in people’s earlier life experiences such as norms and values. The PDI often connects to centralization of power, decision making and leadership in businesses. Companies with high PDI, employees and subordinates rely on their leader and high power distance is formed thorough the habits of obeying and relying of subordinates to the managers (Hang, Wenjiang & Xing 2013) . However, the less powerful employees will make efforts to bring down the gap between them and the manager. International business faces challenges of meeting various cultures with dissimilar power distance culture. The table below represents the analysis of the companies’ power distance index and the related problems that may exist. low power distance Italian managers high power distance subordinates Chinese problem that may exist people with more and less power can be friends there is no friendship between the low and high power distance people the managers feel the challenge of getting close to employees managers seen as making decisions in consultation with the subordinates subordinates fear to disagree with the managers decision making styles are less good and cannot match people should rely on each other Source: [Hofstede, 2011: 351 – 360] Individualism Referring to Hang, Wenjiang, Xing & Ziwei, (2013) cultures inclined in individualism and collectivism is mainly focused on a person’s values, needs, and serves their individual interest. The relations from other persons are regarded as less significant than oneself. In comparison with individualism, inclined business culture is focused on a combination of social organizations divided into outside and inside groups. Employees hope to be cared for by the people inside the group in exchange of their loyalty and can sacrifice for the group. Consequently, the individualist emphasizes on the importance to themselves in the business, and they hope to be watched by the stakeholders. The individualists, therefore, strive to do better and better and become the best, overvalue their ability and gaining strong upward mobility. The table below represents individualism in international business definition of the self structure of goals emphasis on norms versus attitudes emphasis on rationality versus relatedness Italian individualism managers autonomous and interdependent from groups priority to personal goals attitudes supersede norms emphasize on rationality Chinese subordinates independent with others priority to in-group goals attitude equals to norms emphasize on unconditional relatedness problems loss spirit of team work managers are seen not to care of the business objectives managers easily show attitude when norm employees make mistakes due to relationships Source: [Hofstede, 2011: 351 – 360] Masculinity Masculinity shows the difference between the roles of different genders of the society. High masculine society’s men are tough, assertive and focus on material success; however, the women are expected to be tender, modest, and concerned with life quality. In this society, men have a responsibility to earn money for the family and work hard to be successful in the society. Women take care of the housework such as cleaning and cooking. This society is reflected in the market departments and business human resource management (Goddard 2005). The human resource management is responsible for recruiting correct staff and properly positions them so that the marketing docket can take good care of the human resources and make profits for the business. In feminine society, both men and women can go out and look for money for the family. Masculinity Problems in the Company high masculine Italian managers high masculine Chinese subordinates problems life is for work life is for work consensus achievement motivation achievement motivation consensus greater value of difference between men and women for the same job greater value of difference between men and women for the same job consensus Source: [Hofstede, 2011: 351 – 360] Uncertainty Avoidance Index UAI The human life is uncertain which leads to anxiety for human. The society has created procedures of avoiding uncertainty, for instance, the use of technology. Different societies have different mechanisms of adapting to uncertainties. In the business, the high uncertain avoidance society worries more on the future and any uncertainty, hence, more ways to defend anxiety. However, low uncertainty avoidance business society has fewer worried on the future and anxieties and develops fewer business rules. The table below represents the uncertainty avoidance for the case company. high UIA Italian managers low UAI Chinese employees problems ask for more written rules adopt few rules Managers are seen as a timid individual and waste of company’s opportunity. time is money time is free employees are seen as loafers work hard hard work is not virtue employees lack upward mobility Source: [Hofstede, 2011: 351 – 360] Long-Term Orientation The long-term and short-term orientation describes the difference in values of future. Values inclined in long-term orientation are perseverance and thrift. The values associated with short-term orientation are fulfilling social obligations and respect for traditions faces. The long-term orientations in the case company may be represented as below Italian bosses high LTO Chinese subordinates problems cannot understand perseverance stubborn employees cannot understand sense of shame is rampant unconfident employees cannot understand relationships dictated by status blind obedience Source: [Hofstede, 2011: 351 – 360] Conclusion and Suggested Solutions for Culturally Based Problems in Business Cultural Perspective The culture is never defined by developed or developing, inferior or predominant but instead, culture is historically old. It presents the people’s values, norms, thoughts, behaviours and habits. Therefore, international businesses, managers and employees in the foreign and local country must treat different culture right. Cross-Cultural Training This is the principal method of eliminating conflicts of culture for effective cultural business management. It decreases culture conflicts the business may face. Cultural training enables businesses to maintain cohesion and spirit of the company, stable interpersonal relationships and strengthens team spirit (Goddard 2005). This includes local culture training and coming culture training for local managers and subordinates. Expatriate Selection A god expatriate provides work geared towards the profitability of the business. The expatriates should be easily adaptable to changing cultural environment. Changing the working environment provides culture shocks. Bad adaptability will cause pain to the employees and cause job dissatisfaction. Changes in environment may also have health complications on the expatriate, hence the need for right selection. References Barnett, J. B. (2008). A study of the second career culture at Send International. Columbia, SC, Columbia International University. Goddard, J. (2005). Institutional Management and Engagement with the Knowledge Society. Higher Education Management and Policy. 17, 23-44. Hang, Z., Wenjiang, C., Xing, S., & Ziwei, W.(2013). Taobao vs. eBay: The fight between a local nobody and a global giant. In P. Ramburuth, C. Stranger, & M. Serapio (Eds.), Asia – Pacific Business Cases Dynamics of International Business. Melbourne Cambridge University Press Hofstede, G. 2001. ‟s Consequences, p. 351-360 Source document

AdBlue Fluid and Cleaner Diesel Emissions

AdBlue Fluid and Cleaner Diesel Emissions AdBlue is the German brand name for a clear, non-toxic- though slightly corrosive to some metals- aqueous urea solution used to treat exhaust on  modern clean diesel engines. The generic name for a chemically equivalent solution used in the non-European market (predominantly North America) is Diesel Emissions Fluid (DEF). The primary use of AdBlue and similar DEFs is to be used in conjunction with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) converter to control oxides of nitrogen (NOx) diesel emissions. On average, NOx emissions are reduced by approximately 80 percent because of this process. How DEFs Work The AdBlue solution is comprised of 32.5 percent high purity urea diluted in distilled water and carried onboard the diesel vehicle in a special independent tank. Under the direction of the onboard computer and a NOx sensor, the fluid is pumped into the exhaust stream at the rate of 2 to 4 ounces to a gallon of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) consumed. There, in the hot exhaust stack, the urea solution is converted into ammonia (NH3) which reacts with NOx in the exhaust. The resulting chemical breakdown  and re-bonding of the constituent elements of each reactant produce plain nitrogen and water vapor instead of harmful oxides of nitrogen.   Standardized as Aqueous Urea Solution (AU) 32, the AdBlue solution is trademarked to German company the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA), but there  is a variety of other DEFs available on the American market including BlueTec by German automotive corporation Daimler AG and the Canadian version H2Blu. How and Where Is AdBlue Replenished? Refilling the AdBlue tank is  not a do-it-yourself task. Although it is possible to purchase the solution at the retail level, it is generally available only through a dealership or service shop. The systems are designed with a capacity of several gallons (seven to ten) which translates into several thousands of miles. Under normal vehicle operating conditions, the DEF tank needs to be refilled only during regularly scheduled maintenance. However, as of 2013, trucks and diesel engine cars have been created to allow users to refill their own DEF tanks. As a result, a number of truck stops and gas stations have begun offering a DEF pump next to the diesel fuel pump. You may even purchase small quantities- or order large containers for commercial use- to keep at home. Although safe to handle and non-toxic, AdBlue can eat through some metals. It is recommended that DEFs be stored at cool temperatures away from direct sunlight and moisture in a well-ventilated area. According to a Cummins Filtration report on the standard, AdBlue freezes at 12 degrees Fahrenheit, but the process of freezing and thawing does not degrade the product as the water in the urea  solution will freeze and thaw as the fluid does.

Robber Barons Essays - Business, Telegraphy, Rockefeller Family

Robber Barons Essays - Business, Telegraphy, Rockefeller Family Robber Barons Robber Barons When the names Carnagie, Rockefeller, and Edison come to mind, most of us automatically think of what we saw or read in our history books: These men were kind and generous and through hard work and perseverance, any one of you could become a success story like them, right? Wrong. I am sick of these people being remembered for the two or three good deeds they have done. Publicity and media have exaggerated the generosity of these men, the Government has spoiled these names with false lies, and people have been blind to see that these men were ruthless, sly businessmen who were motivated by your money and their struggle for power. How many history books teach such in-depth details like these? A prime example of the acts of a robber baron can be seen through the actions of John D. Rockefeller. A picture I have recently seen shows a group of people watching an old Rockefeller crouch over to accept a flower from a little girl. The caption reads John D. Rockefeller, American industrialist and philanthropist, is caught doing one of his good deeds. No wonder that only a handful of people can't distinguish that this old man was a crock and deserves to rot in hell! With all this positive media attention, the public had been fed lies! In real life, this money hungry, greedy villain is the prime reason why the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed. Rockefeller's dream was to monopolize the oiling industry, and he so successfully did. Because of his great empire (the Standard Oil Co.) and the wealth it brought, when any other competitor tried even to step foot into the oiling industry, Rockefeller dropped his prices until the rookie industry was forced out. After he regained monopoly, he then jacked up the prices. Sure, the people were mad, but what could they do? Many other industries depended on the oil that Rockefeller provided and besides, the Sherman Antitrust Act couldn't be enforced with these big businesses growing larger and larger. Another Robber Baron donated over 2500 libraries worldwide, he helped establish the famous concert hall in New York, and he helped finance several colleges in the US. Can you guess who he is? Yes! Andrew Carnagie. Now how about this person: In the early 1900s, in order to maintain control of the steel industry, he bought out rival plants, he ran a self running holding company which bough stock in itself in order to buy control of the industry, and he also hired children (as young as 9 years old) to work twelve hours a day under harsh, dangerous conditions and paid them the lowest wages possible. Can you guess who he is now? As a matter of fact it is our American Hero Andrew Carnagie! Carnagie did, for a fact, hire children because they were cheaper; yet these same children were sometimes required to run swing shifts which meant occasional 24 hour work days. It all too much of a commonality that these robber barons all share some of the same traits: ruthlessness, mistreatment of their workers, greed for money and power, and a Machiavelian way of doing business. With these traits in mind, who can consider these men heroes? It's the government and the big businesses which want us to think that way. It can only be them who portray these wicked as saints. But I am educated, and through research and learning, I am thoroughly convinced that the people who our America looks up to and admires, are a bunch of villains. Although many of America's Heros's have turned out to be greedy Robber Barons, I disagree with anyone who considers Thomas Edison one of these. We have had many great inventors and Thomas Alva Edison is among them. The creator of many inventions including the electric lamp, stock printer, light bulb, phonograph, and literally hundreds of other useful inventions. He worked at a railroad station when he was only twelve years old. That is where he was lead to the invention of both the Stock printer and the telegraph transmitter, as well as many other patents dealing with telegraphs such as the Automatic Telegraph, Duplex Telegraphs, Quadruplex Telegraph Repeater, Telephonic Telegraphs,

71 Body Parts in Spanishand How to Talk About Them

71 Body Parts in Spanishand How to Talk About Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you studying Spanish and want to know the Spanish names of different parts of the body? In this guide we’ve created three charts of human body parts in Spanish and English. The charts cover external body parts, like hair and toes, internal organs, and the skeleton. Together, these charts contain more than 70 parts of the body, so you’re sure to find the Spanish vocab words you’re looking for. We also include a chart of common phrases you can use to talk about body parts in Spanish so that you can put your new vocab skills to use. 71 Body Parts in English and Spanish Below are three charts of common parts of the body in Spanish and English. The first chart is external body parts, the second is internal organs, and the third is vocabulary for the skeleton. Each of the charts is organized in alphabetical order in English. Body Parts Vocab Words English Spanish Ankle el tobillo Arm el brazo Back la espalda Beard la barba Breast el seno Buttocks las nalgas Calf la pantorrilla Cheek la mejilla, el cachete Chest el pecho Chin la barbilla, el mentà ³n Ear el oà ­do, la oreja Elbow el codo Eye el ojo Eyebrows las cejas Eyelashes las pestaà ±as Face la cara Finger el dedo Foot el pie Forehead la frente Hair el pelo Hand la mano Head la cabeza Heel el talà ³n Hip la cadera Human body el cuerpo humano Knee la rodilla Leg la pierna Lips los labios Mustache el bigote, el mostacho Mouth la boca Navel/belly button el ombligo Neck el cuello Nose la nariz Shoulder el hombro Skin la piel Stomach (abdomen) el vientre Thigh el muslo Throat la garganta Thumb el pulgar Toe el dedo del pie Tongue la lengua Tooth/Teeth el diente, la muela/los dientes Waist la cintura Wrist la muà ±eca Internal Organs Vocab Words English Spanish Brain el cerebro, el seso Lung/Lungs el pulmà ³n/los pulmones Heart el corazà ³n Internal organs los à ³rganos internos Kidney/Kidneys el rià ±Ãƒ ³n/los rià ±ones Large intestine el intestino grueso Liver el hà ­gado Muscle el mà ºsculo Small intestine el intestino delgado Stomach el està ³mago Tonsils las amà ­gdalas Skeleton Vocab Words English Spanish Bone el hueso Clavicle la clavà ­cula Femur el fà ©mur Fibula la fà ­bula Humerus el hà ºmero Jawbone la mandà ­bula Patella la rà ³tula Radius el radio Ribs las costillas Scapula el omà ³plato Skeleton el esqueleto Skull el crneo Spinal column la columna vertebral, la espina dorsal Sternum el esternà ³n Tibia la tibia Vertebra la và ©rtebra 2 Important Rules to Remember When Talking About Body Parts in Spanish There are two major differences in speaking about body parts in Spanish compared to speaking about body parts in English. The first is that, in Spanish, you must include a definite article with each body part term.Each singular body part will be preceded by the definite article el or la. The plural versions are los and las, respectively.In English, you could say, â€Å"The wrist and elbow are swollen,† with just one definite article before â€Å"wrist.† For parts of the body in Spanish, however, you’d need to say â€Å"La muà ±eca y el codo estn hinchados† which directly translates to â€Å"The wrist and the elbow are swollen.† Each body part needs its own definite article. The second difference between discussing body parts in Spanish vs English is that, in English, it’s common to use possessive adjectives when referring to a specific person’s body part (ex. my hair, your hands, her feet†¦). In Spanish, you almost always use definite articles like â€Å"the† or â€Å"a† when discussing body parts in Spanish, no matter whose body part it is. In Spanish, possessive adjectives are only used with body parts when it’d otherwise be unclear whose body part is being referenced. For example, â€Å"I like your hair† is â€Å"Me gusta tu pelo† in Spanish. In this case, you need the possessive adjective to know whose hair you like. As another example, in English you could say â€Å"I broke my leg and ankle,† but in Spanish you’d say â€Å"Me rompà ­ la pierna y el tobillo.† which directly translates to â€Å"I broke the leg and the ankle.† (Note again that each body part has its own definite article.)Similarly, in English you’d say â€Å"I brush my hair,† but in Spanish you’d say â€Å"Me cepillo el pelo.† (I brush the hair.) Common Phrases to Discuss Parts of the Body in Spanish Knowing all the body parts in Spanish is useful, but to really get the most out of these vocab words, you should know at least a few phrases to use them with. Below are some of the most common Spanish phrases used to discuss parts of the body. English Spanish Brush your teeth. Cepà ­llate los dientes. I broke my [body part]. (Ex. I broke my arm.) Me rompà ­ [body part]. (Ex. Me rompà ­ el brazo.) I cut my finger. Me corto el dedo. I have a pain/ache of [body part]. (Ex. I have a headache.)** Tengo dolor de [body part]. (Ex.Tengo dolor de cabeza.) I have black/blond/brown/red/gray hair. Tengo el pelo negro/rubio/castaà ±o/rojo/gris. I sprained my ankle. Me torcà ­ el tobillo. I stubbed my toe. Golpeà © el dedo del pie. My [singular body part] hurts. (Ex. My arm hurts.)** Me duele [singular body part]. (Ex. Me duele el brazo.) My [plural body part] hurt. (Ex. My feet hurt.)** Me duelen [plural body part]. (Ex. Me duelen los pies.) Open your eyes!  ¡Abre los ojos! Wash your hands. Lvate las manos. **The "me duele(n)" and "tengo dolor" phrases can both be used to describe pain in a body part, but the former is more common. For example, both "me duele la cabeza" and "tengo dolor de cabeza" mean "I have a headache," but most Spanish speakers will say "me duele la cabeza." Summary: List of Body Parts in Spanish You can use these charts to study the parts of the body in Spanish, make them into flashcards, and expand your Spanish vocabulary. When speaking or writing human body parts in Spanish, it’s important to remember two rules. First, each body part must have its own article preceding it, which you don’t need in English. Second, when discussing a particular person’s body part in English, we typically use personal adjectives such as my, your, or his/her. When discussing body parts in Spanish, you typically use definite articles such as "a" or "the." The learning doesn’t end with just a list of body parts in Spanish though; to be a high-level Spanish speaker, you need to use these body part terms in longer phrases and sentences. What's Next? Want help with some common Spanish phrases? Find out the nuances of how to ask where the bathroom is in Spanish with this article. Need to brush up on your Spanish conjugations? Start with our article covering ser conjugations for every tense. Not sure if Spanish is the right language for you to study? Learn which is the best foreign language to study in high school. Thinking about taking the Spanish SAT Subject Test? We've got a complete guide on everything you need to know about the Spanish Subject Test. Interested in learning Japanese, too? Learn how to say "good morning" in Japanese, plus nine other key greetings.

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time Essay

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time - Essay Example But in 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not supporting the execution of the French King, Louis XVI. While being imprisoned, he wrote the Age of Reason, an anti-church work, and very narrowly escaped execution due to efforts of US Minister James Munroe and later went to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson where he died a rather disillusioned man in 1809. Thomas Paine was undoubtedly one of the most intellectual products of his time. His time was dominated by the French Revolution, the most important and horrifying event in Europe. While completely supporting the French Revolution, Paine was against the total anarchy, lawlessness and brutality that the revolution unleashed in the name of liberty. He could not bring himself to support the terrible execution of the monarch and was unhappy about the pointless murders and humility of noble families. Even modern thinkers of the time, who had supported the Revolution, could not celebrate the unending rule of terror that eliminated a large number of guiltless and wiped out great scientists like Lavoisier â€Å"Every generation is, and must be, competent to all the purposes which its occasions require. It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated. When man ceases to be, his power and his wants cease with him; and having no longer any participation in the concerns of this world, he has no longer any authority in directing who shall be its governors, or how its government shall be organized, or how administered1† He was very conscious of the changing needs of people and societies. He always emphasized that the needs have to change according to times, needs could not be stagnant and old principles could not apply to new surroundings. Men can only take the old times as guidance wherever applicable, but they definitely cannot replicate old times to suit the new ones. In that context, again he argues: â€Å"The circumstances of the world are

The Main Objective Of The Copyright Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Main Objective Of The Copyright Law - Essay Example All intellectual property laws have the common goal of extending and controlling exclusive privileges over the products of creative work or intellectual works , offering the creator or the owner of those exclusive privileges with a limited monopoly as regards to that property , normally for some phase of time.(Nathan & Morgan 2008 :20). Copyright safeguards â€Å"original works created by the authors† that are permanent in nature and available in a corporeal guise of expression. The permanence need not be frankly discernible, as long as it may be expressed with the help of a devise or a machine. The following works are acceptable for registration with the copyright office provided they are original and creative in nature. †¢ Literary works †¢ â€Å"Lyrics and musical works† †¢ Play or drama with or without music †¢ Choreographic or Pantomimes †¢ â€Å"Sculptural , graphic and pictographic works† †¢ Audiovisuals and motion graphics †¢ Architectural works †¢ â€Å"Sound tracks or recordings† â€Å"Creative works are safeguarded by the Copyright Act†. Creative works may be in any of the following form viz. movies, video games ,poetry , CD-ROMs, plays ,videos , sheet music ,paintings , novels , recorded music performances , sculptures ,software codes, choreography , photographs and architectural designs. There should be some creative initiatives on the side of an author so as to receive a protection under Copyright Act. The Act does not quantify how much creativity should be there. For instance, a work should be more creative than that of a telephone directory where alphabetical records of telephone numbers exist instead of a creative selection of listings. It should be noted that an author’s creative ideas are not safeguarded by the Copyright Act. Thus, copyright protection is available only for an original, fixed, and creative expression and no protection is available for just facts or ideas on which the expression is footed. For instance, there may be prot ection availed for a specific novel, computer game or song about a marriage in space under copyright act but no protection is available to the underlying conception of a marriage in a star. Thus, permitting the creators to monopolize their conception or ideas would frustrate the underlying objective of copyright law, which is mainly aimed to encourage the authors or creators to invent or create a new work. Likewise, no protection is available under copyright law for the facts which may be either historical, scientific, news of the day or biographical info. For any discovery by an author which is available in the public domain, no protection under copyright law is available. For instance, anyone is at his liberty to employ the information which is contained in a book about how human heart functions, a TV documentary of the babyhood of erstwhile President George W Bush or a journal article on the lifestyle and natural beauties of the Andaman Islands – so long as they describe t he information in their own style and words. It is to be observed that real facts are not safeguarded under the copyright law even if the author splurges a lot of effort and time in divulging things that are not known early. For instance, if an author of a book on Andaman Islands

Home Nursing reflection on maternal death Dissertation

Home Nursing reflection on maternal death - Dissertation Example But with the knowledge, skills and experience I had amassed, I was able to patiently navigate and resolve issues dealing with nursing responsibilities and those arising from various personality conflicts. I soon gained respect as a proven and dependable manager and after two years was made Head Nurse. At my Maternal Child Health Care Clinic (MCH) I presently manage a staff of 10 female staff nurses and two female attenders. This dissertation concerns prevailing issues that have arisen from my experience concerning home nursing during postnatal period. The study will use the methods of reflective practice to analyse the problems that nurses face during the postnatal home nursing period. The main duties provided by the maternal and child health nurse include screening of antenatal and postnatal patients; making assessments and giving immunization to children under 5 years of age; providing specific women services such as pap smears and distribution of the family planning pill; home vis iting and home nursing, and providing school health services. Specific duties of the latter include giving health talks to the public school and village or community groups. The Problem I want to research the theme of home nursing due to an incident that occurred a few years ago and that has remained powerfully within me as a memory. One of our postnatal patients died because of what I thought was ultimately due, but not mainly because of, deficiencies in our home care operation. Proper nursing procedure requires that postnatal care be provided everyday for the first four days after delivery and then on day 6, 8 and 10, and lastly on day 20. After birth, this patient had somehow disappeared in the communication lines of our hospital system. She had received no follow-up or home visiting and because of this, had died. This particular patient had been diagnosed in the antenatal period as well and fit. However, she was quite obese. It was later found she had placenta praevia, a low lyi ng placenta, and that she was experiencing bleeding antepartum haemorrhage type iii where the placenta was covering only part of the top of the cervix. She received a lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) in one of the specialist hospitals. But her birth had not been reported back to the specialist hospital. I don’t feel this patient had received the best medical attention that she could have had. I believe the system had broken down for her. UK Background Compared to other developed nations, the UK has had a good record over the years in keeping maternity and infant mortality low. Infant mortality rates per 1000 averaged 6 for 2000 and 5 for 2008 for infants under 1 (WHO, p. 55). For infants under 5, the figures were 6 for 2000 and 2008. Compared to the United States, the figures were 7 and 7, and 9 and 8 (p. 55). The lowest figures were for Japan at 3 and 3, infants under 1, and 5 and 3, for infants under 5 (p. 51). Developing countries typically display figures broaching above 50 deaths reaching to well over 200 deaths in both categories. UK maternity ratio per 100,000 live births averaged 7 between 2000-2009, with interagency figures showing 8-15 in 2005 (WHO, p. 54). The United States averaged 13 (p. 54), Sierra Leone averaged 857, showing 800 to 3,700 in 2005 (p. 54); and Canada averaged 9 and 7 to 13 in 2005 (p. 50). The infant and maternity mortality rates in developed countries have been low,

Marketing Strategies Implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategies Implementation - Assignment Example The present research study endeavours to produce ways to implement marketing strategies for British Sugar. British Sugar was founded almost 100 years back. Today the company can boast about being one of the leading sugar producers in the United Kingdom. The company is into several types of products like sugar, aggregate, animal feed, bio ethanol, electricity, food centre, tomatoes, TOPSOIL, and LimeX. 2.0 Identification and prioritization of the current issues and challenges 2.1 Industry as a whole The sugar production industry sourced the raw materials over the past five years. United Kingdom is highly dependent upon the global sugar market. This kind of over dependency on the global sugar market, makes the UK sugar market susceptible to huge fluctuations in production, supply, and other factors like the weather conditions and the prices in the internal sugar market (Armstrong and Schultz, 1992). United Kingdom was slow to realize that the sugar industries need to have some kind of reform. This is the reason the sugar reform happened after much delay, as late as 2006. This reform which is supposed to create facilities for the sugar market has in turn created a lot of problems, like imposing various kinds of quotas, various kinds of import tariffs and export tariffs. The imposition of the various tariffs has created a lot of problems (Brown and Dant, 2009). For example the companies which are small in size and also do not have very high turnover have problems paying innumerable tariffs. This adds to the production cost of the companies. Statistics indicate that the production of the sugar beet has fallen sharply across the whole of European Union. For this reason a lot of states in UK have decided to substitute beet sugar for ethanol and other kind of bio fuels. Despite the fact that the sugar industry is experiencing increasing pressure to keep the costs of production as low as possible together, compounded with dwindling profit margin, the sugar business stil l remains as one of the most vibrant business in UK (Day and Montgomery, 1999). 2.2 The current market position The UK sugar market excluding artificial sweeteners, but including sugar and spice is dominated by two firms which are British Sugar and Tate & Lyle. These two firms have a combined market share of 75%. This indicates that the national sugar market is highly concentrated. Although the overall sugar market of Europe is not as concentrated as United Kingdom (Dillon, 2001). The very high concentration is due to the strict regulatory reforms that increased the tariffs, which in turn has decreased the competition. Unlike the other competitor companies like Ab Sugar, the company alone has the privilege of holding the whole quota of the European Union. British Sugar alone caters to a market which is larger than the market served by the rest of the competitors in all respects. This explains that British Sugar is in a better position compared to competitors in terms of exposure to market. Unlike the competitor like Tate & Lyle and different smaller companies which resort

The Artistic Genius Andy Warhol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Artistic Genius Andy Warhol - Research Paper Example The paper "The Artistic Genius Andy Warhol" focuses on Andy Warhol. As a small boy, Warhol was always obsessed with the looks. He would at times wear wigs to try and change his own looks with make ups on his face. This is a special attribute that would later help him in his career. Different people of the world distinguished Warhol’s work from the rest in the way he always tried to â€Å"make up† faces of the individuals he used in his art work.1 The sexuality helped shape his life. It is hard to understand who Andy Warhol personally was even though he was such an iconic figure in the American culture; there are so many things in his life that could not be easily substantiated. Who was he? Was he ever married? Why did he always want to be famous? He even wanted so much more than what life can basically give. He wanted to be famous, rich and beautiful.2 It is very hard for an individual to achieve all these things in life but Andy did everything he could to be what he al ways aspired to be and just like his personality, his art work is equally hard to interpret in terms of humor, irony or even beauty. It is like he portrayed his personality through the paintings. Some individuals even suggest that he used to ask his friends the things he should paint but after being fed with the information he would then ignore the suggestions and instead incorporate his own ideas. He always had his own ideas. This is quite a special attribute towards originality especially in the field of art and even music.

Marketing Strategies Implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Strategies Implementation - Assignment Example The present research study endeavours to produce ways to implement marketing strategies for British Sugar. British Sugar was founded almost 100 years back. Today the company can boast about being one of the leading sugar producers in the United Kingdom. The company is into several types of products like sugar, aggregate, animal feed, bio ethanol, electricity, food centre, tomatoes, TOPSOIL, and LimeX. 2.0 Identification and prioritization of the current issues and challenges 2.1 Industry as a whole The sugar production industry sourced the raw materials over the past five years. United Kingdom is highly dependent upon the global sugar market. This kind of over dependency on the global sugar market, makes the UK sugar market susceptible to huge fluctuations in production, supply, and other factors like the weather conditions and the prices in the internal sugar market (Armstrong and Schultz, 1992). United Kingdom was slow to realize that the sugar industries need to have some kind of reform. This is the reason the sugar reform happened after much delay, as late as 2006. This reform which is supposed to create facilities for the sugar market has in turn created a lot of problems, like imposing various kinds of quotas, various kinds of import tariffs and export tariffs. The imposition of the various tariffs has created a lot of problems (Brown and Dant, 2009). For example the companies which are small in size and also do not have very high turnover have problems paying innumerable tariffs. This adds to the production cost of the companies. Statistics indicate that the production of the sugar beet has fallen sharply across the whole of European Union. For this reason a lot of states in UK have decided to substitute beet sugar for ethanol and other kind of bio fuels. Despite the fact that the sugar industry is experiencing increasing pressure to keep the costs of production as low as possible together, compounded with dwindling profit margin, the sugar business stil l remains as one of the most vibrant business in UK (Day and Montgomery, 1999). 2.2 The current market position The UK sugar market excluding artificial sweeteners, but including sugar and spice is dominated by two firms which are British Sugar and Tate & Lyle. These two firms have a combined market share of 75%. This indicates that the national sugar market is highly concentrated. Although the overall sugar market of Europe is not as concentrated as United Kingdom (Dillon, 2001). The very high concentration is due to the strict regulatory reforms that increased the tariffs, which in turn has decreased the competition. Unlike the other competitor companies like Ab Sugar, the company alone has the privilege of holding the whole quota of the European Union. British Sugar alone caters to a market which is larger than the market served by the rest of the competitors in all respects. This explains that British Sugar is in a better position compared to competitors in terms of exposure to market. Unlike the competitor like Tate & Lyle and different smaller companies which resort

Murderers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Murderers - Research Paper Example Again, the main motivation for serial killing is the attainment of psychological gratification. Ted Bundy has been chosen as the epitome of a serial murderer. Known by his full name Theodore Robert Bundy (November 24th, 1946- January 24th, 1989), Ted Bundy was an American serial murderer, kidnapper, rapist and necrophile. By the 1970s, he had murdered and assaulted several girls and young women. Although Bundy denied his criminal exploits for decades, yet he later confessed before his execution, of having committed 30 homicides between 1974 and 1978, and in seven states. However, the actual number of Bundy’s victims remains unknown, and is deemed to be higher. It is observed that Bundy used his charisma and good looks to lure his victims into his deadly traps (Holmes and Holmes, 2009). Ted Bundy was born on November 24th, 1946 to Eleanor Louise and an unidentified father by the name of Lloyd Marshall, at the Lund Family Center. For the first 3 years, Bundy’s maternal grandparents took care of him in Philadelphia. Later on, Eleanor Louise changed her name, ran away with Ted to Tacoma, Washington where he met and remarried Johnny C. Bundy, then, a hospital cook. Records reveal of Bundy having been arrested twice on suspicion of car theft and burglary. From 1974, his earliest documented act of homicide was entered. The crimes that Ted Bundy committed are multiple, and include serial killings, kidnappings, rape and necrophilia. It is not known exactly how many young women and girls Bundy killed, but documents show that he confessed having murdered (at least) 30 of them. Some of Bundy’s victims include Karen Sparks (Joni Lenz), Lynda Ann Healy, Dona Gail Manson, Brenda Carol Ball, Georgeann Hawkins, Denise Naslund, Nancy Wilcox, Melissa Smith, Debra Kent, Caryn Campbell and Susan Curtis. According to Newton (2009), a Utah highway Patrol officer arrested Ted Bundy in August 1975,

Power Politics Essay Example for Free

Power Politics Essay â€Å"†¦what is happening to India today is not a problem†¦the issues †¦are not canses. They are huge political and social upheaval that are convulsing the nation. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those are the exact words that Roy (24) had used to describe what is happening to the world that is beyond the realm of common human understanding: globalization led on and operated by â€Å"experts†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And just how will a common human understand when every time they try to, at the end of the day, they are relegated to being â€Å"just a citizen† who are, to experts, are â€Å"too emotional† and just lack the ability to eventually understand when explained to (if the experts even try to do the explaining part).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the phenomenon characterized by experts who have acquired technical knowledge on certain matters take the matter into their own hands—not wanting to be questioned or contradicted and seemingly not encouraged to do their tasks with sympathy. They believe that they have all it takes to do it all, and be all, for all. The usual behavior of an arrogant little child who thinks he knows all he needs to know and thus scoffs at any questioning remarks on how he does his tasks, sneers at any suggestion or idea unlike his own, or flares up at any tap on his shoulder that gently reminds him that he is not of possession of every knowledge yet; a kind of behavior that is often times not tolerated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And that is what needed to be done. This arrogance should be broken down. And this could not be accomplished by mere taps on the shoulder anymore. A sterner reminder is needed; a reminder that even the too emotional and comprehension-challenged common citizen still has a say on how he lives his life—or at the very least, has the natural right to be made to understand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the author urges the humanity to speak, and speak loud, now or forever be made to hold their peace. Works Cited Roy, Arundhati. Power Politics (year of publication). 24-33.

Supply Power To A Fluorescent Lamp Engineering Essay

Supply Power To A Fluorescent Lamp Engineering Essay The following report contains the steps taken in designing, constructing and testing of a basic electrical system used to supply power to a fluorescent lamp. This report summarizes the method used to calculate the desired circuit parameters. Also, the design was implemented to achieve the required design objectives. INTRODUCTION An engineering approach was used in this design project and as such, it consisted the design, construction and testing of a basic electrical system used to supply power to a fluorescent lamp. The power factor of the system needed to be corrected to increase efficiency and this was explained in detail. Due to the high level of risk involved in this design project, precautions needed to be taken. Laboratory protocol, industry standards, codes of practice and occupational safety protocols was taken into account during this design project. Course material from ECNG 1015 Introduction to Electrical Energy Systems, ECNG 1006 Laboratory and Project Design I and ECNG 1016 Mathematics for Electrical Engineers was used in this design project. In this report, all necessary mathematical models, and diagrams will be detailed. Also, the steps used to improve the power factor of the relay system will be accounted for as well as the main processes implemented in the system. Background Theory What is a fluorescent lamp? According to Sams F-Lamp FAQ, fluorescent lamps are a type of discharge tube similar to neon signs and mercury or sodium vapour street or yard lights. The Different Types of Fluorescent Lamp Fixtures There are basically three different types of fluorescent lamp fixtures. The three most used fixtures are listed as follows; 1. Instant Start 2. Rapid Start 3. Preheat fixtures. Instant start Instant start fixtures require a high voltage to be applied to the lamp to cause it to work. This high voltage must be above the specified voltage required for the lamp to light. This high voltage is required since the resistance of the gas may be high. Thus, the voltage being applied will force the gas to conduct and hence light. Sometimes, a potential difference is required to create a potential difference between instant start fixture and the lamp cathodes. This potential difference causes ionization to occur and this reduces the resistance of the lamp. The initial current which flows through the lamp causes the light to shine at maximum brightness. After the lamp turns on, the instant-start ballast will immediately regulate the voltage and current to the operating conditions of the lamps. OR Once current starts flowing through the lamps, the lamps illuminate at close to their full brightness. After a successful start, the instant-start ballast will immediately regulate the voltage and current down to the normal operating levels (QUOTE). The average lamp life of an instant-start fixture is much shorter than that of a rapid start fixture. This is due to the fact that the instant-start fixtures use more energy than a rapid start fixture. It is also more efficient as it has a very efficient ballast. Caution must be used with respect to instant-start lamps in areas which utilizes occupancy sensors. Rapid start Rapid start is the name given to fluorescent fixtures with two or more lamps. When using this type of system, no starter switch is available for use. The ballast is used to maintain a steady current flow in the lamp at all times. In order for the lamp to start, a capacitor is used to ionize the gas, hence reducing the resistance of the flow of the gas. The ballast allows the current in the lamp to flow when the gas is ionised. This current flow causes the lamp to glow dimly and also heats the gas. This heating of the gas generates light and this light is used to further ionize the gas. The ballast is also used to increase the start up process of lighting the bulb. All these process aid in decreasing the resistance of the gas and increasing the current flowing through the lamp. As brightness of the bulb can be thought of as directly proportional to the current flow. When the arc discharge occurs, the lamp is turned on and light is produced. However, the light given off wouldnt be as bright since it takes a certain amount of time to ionise the gas. Hence, a couple of seconds would be required to achieve maximum brightness. Applications that require constant turning on/off are best suited with rapid start lamps. Their long life and their ability to dim when required make them ideal for certain applications. However, these lamps consume power even when the filaments have burned out. Preheat fixtures A preheat fixture lamp is utilized in this project. Preheat fixtures usually consist of a starting circuit which allows current to flow through the cathodes to warm the filaments. A high voltage is sent through the tube and this creates an arc across the mercury vapour. This results in the atmosphere inside the tube to heat up and thus, electron activity from the gas increases. The electrons move rapidly through the tube and they carry the current as they move. The starter switch opens when the circuit is preheated for a short period of time (Henkenius, 2007). Preheat fixtures are preferred as they use low cost performance phosphors. In using pre heat fixtures, the electrodes are damaged faster than other fixtures resulting in shorter life span. The type of ballast used in pre heat fixtures is either magnetic or resistive. It is recommended to avoid the use of pre heat fixtures as the maximum energy is not used. Existing Types of Fluorescent Tubes The following are some of the different types of fluorescent tubes; T-5 This type of fluorescent lamp is extremely powerful. It boasts low maintenance, low disposal costs and it allows for smaller fixtures to be used. These types of lamps have an average life of 35,000 hours based on 12 hours per start. T-8 This type of fluorescent lamp is used mainly for its sustainability. It boasts long life, a low level of mercury and it is energy efficient. The Philips T8 32W Extra Long life lamp and the Philips T8 25W will on average last longer than a standard 4T8 32W lamp. T-12 This type of fluorescent lamp provides long life and high performance. It also comes in different sizes, shapes and types. An average life of 24,000 hours, 85 CRI and the highest lumen output are the features of this lamp. T-16 This type of fluorescent lamp is usually 60 inches long and has a diameter of 2 inches. A starter is needed for this type of lamp as it is a preheat lamp. NEOLITEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ low-mercury This type of fluorescent lamp is arguably one of the smallest fluorescent lamps ever made. This NEOLITEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ low-mercury lamp has an average life of 10,000 hours and its brightness is rated at 70 lumens per watt. Dim Lights This type of fluorescent lamp can be dimmed to about 20% of their full brightness. Thus, this type of lamp is considered an energy saver. Circle Tube This type of fluorescent tube uses a 4-pin connector. It is on average 8 to 12 inches in diameter. U-tube This type of fluorescent tube is shaped like a U as it name suggests. A tube which is bent into this U shape is much brighter than a normal tube of similar dimensions. Requirements for the Operation of Fluorescent Lamps The principles of operation of the system gave insight into some of the requirements needed for the operation of fluorescent lamps. These requirements are; An electrical current is required to flow through the tube to power the system. A ballast is required which controls the current flowing through the system and it provides the voltage kick which creates the arc in the tube. A starter switch is needed to turn on/off the system. Turning off the system cuts the current flowing to the ballast, hence turning the lamp off. A relay is needed as its contacts control whether the circuit is open or close. In works together with the starter switch to control the lamp. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Systems The Ballast The ballast is considered one of the most important components of a fluorescent lamp, as it is used to start the lamp. Also, the current flowing through the circuit is controlled by the ballast as it regulates current flow. The ballast is extremely important in the circuit, as it corrects the power factor which increases the efficiency of electrical power consumption (quote). A fluorescent lamp without a ballast is considered a short circuit. Thus, there is a lot of current between the filaments and this causes the filaments to vaporise or the bulb to explode. Thus, the ballast can be seen as a core component in the fluorescent system. There are typically two types of ballast used in fluorescent lamps. They are listed as follows; Inductive Ballast Electronic Ballast Inductive Ballast An inductive ballast connected with a starter is considered a series inductor. This type of ballast provides an inductive kick to jump start the lamp. This occurs when the current flowing through the ballast is interrupted. When this happens, a voltage is provided across the cathodes which are used to ionize the gas in the tube hence keeping the filaments hot. According to www.infralight.com.au/ballasts.html, the inductive ballast has two benefits. They are listed as follows; Its reactance limits the power available to the lamp with only minimal power losses in the inductor The voltage spike produced when current through the inductor is rapidly interrupted is used in some circuits to first strike the arc in the lamp. There are however disadvantages of using an inductive ballast. They are listed as follows; The life span is significantly reduced An A rated ballast will hum softly while a D rated ballast will hum loudly. According to www.freepatentsonline.com/y2008/0019113, the number of ballasts and their sound rating determines whether or not a system will create an audible disturbance which an inductive ballasts does. Excessive heat is produced when in use Electronic Ballast According to www.ehow.com/about_6131466_electric-ballast-definition, An electrical ballast is a device that is used in gas discharge lighting systems to regulate the flow of current and to provide adequate voltage for the lights to function properly. The electronic ballast is typically preferred because it is more efficient than an inductive ballast. Furthermore, an inductive ballast requires a starter switch, less heat is lost, lamps do not flicker as often and the overall dimensions are smaller. However, the electronic ballast has its disadvantages. When it is used in parallel, there is an increase in losses within the circuit. Sometimes, odd current waveforms are drawn due to a high current. Also, there is interference from the ballast and tubes in the circuit. The electronic ballast is not used in the pre heat fixture system. Thus, it would have no effect in this design as an inductive ballast will be used. Operation of the System Inside a glass tube, there exists a pair of electrodes, a drop of mercury and some inert gas sealed at an extremely low pressure. The electrodes are sealed at each end of the tube. The electrodes are in the form of filaments which for preheat and rapid or warm start fixtures are heated during the starting process to decrease the voltage requirements and remain hot during normal operation as a result of the gas discharge (Goldwasser, 1999). The inert gas is usually argon. Phosphorous material line the inside of the tube. This material is used as it produces visible light due to ultra violet radiation upon it. A relatively high voltage is required to initiate the discharge of the mercury/gas mixture. After this discharge, a relatively lower voltage is required to maintain it. The current which flows to the electrodes creates a voltage which acts across the electrodes. The electrons in the electrodes disperse from one side of the tube to the other. These excited electrons create energy and this energy changes some of the mercury to a gas. Electrons from mercury are special as they release photons which can be seen as ultraviolet light. Since the wavelength of ultraviolet light is so small, it cannot be seen by the naked eye. The ultraviolet light is made visible through the use of the phosphor powder coating. Photons released from the electrons are incident upon the phosphor coating and this causes the phosphors electrons to emit energy as it changes energy levels. This energy is usually given off in the form of heat. According to home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp2, in a fluorescent l amp, the emitted light is in the visible spectrum the phosphor gives off white light we can see. Manufacturers can vary the color of the light by using different combinations of phosphors. In a fluorescent lamp, the emitted light is in the visible spectrum the phosphor gives off white light we can see. (Harris, 2009) Switch The switch system being used in this design project is the normally open and normally close switch. This switch controls the relay system as it closes the circuit when flipped. The lamp will then be turned on, as current is being supplied to the circuit. Starter Starters in pre heat fixtures are either automatic or manual and are used to light the lamp. When flipped, a voltage is applied to the circuit and this causes the lamp to light. A few things occur when the switch is flipped. Firstly, a current flows through the filaments and this causes the contacts to heat and open. This interrupts the current flow which in turn lights the bulb. The inductive ballast comes into play at this point. It regulates the current flowing through the circuit as the fluorescent tube now has a low resistance as it is lighted. The starter used in preheat fixtures can be considered an on/off switch. It controls the period of time when the circuit opens/closes. As it is opened, the voltage causes ionisation of the mercury vapour due to the movement of electrons across the tube. The starter is very important as it determines whether the lamp flickers or not. This flickering can be attributed to the steady flow of electrons between the two filaments. Figure :How starter works Design process Project plan A project without any guidance or sequence is useless. Thus, a time management system was put into place in order to complete this design project. Before a system could be implemented, the project description must be known as well as the duration of the project. The design brief which entails everything the student needed to know about the project is stated in the following; Students are required to design and build an electrical system in order to power a small fluorescent lamp. The system must incorporate an on/off switch utilizing a 110V relay (8-pin relay and base, 110V) to power the fluorescent lamp assembly (1X20 regular ballast type 110V fluorescent fixture). Students are required to; Understand the load: its operation and existing types of fluorescent lamps Determine the systems required for the operation of the lamp (use of an inductive or an electronic ballast Develop a mathematical model for the relay based on the principle of operation of the vertical-lift contactor. Design a start/ stop switch utilizing the relay to power the fluorescent lamp and discuss the importance of this switch in terms of safety. Determine if the magnitude of the inductance is sufficient to light the fluorescent lamp. Determine the magnitude of the force required to activate the relay and the load current to be supplied to the fluorescent lamp. Measure the existing power factor of the load and improve the power factor to at least 0.9 lagging. Investigate the effect of the fluorescent lamp assembly on the power system. Supply a detailed explanation of the operation of the system using the system phasors to support your discussion. QUOTE ELEARNING Students are required to apply the knowledge gained from ECNG 1015 Introduction to Electrical Energy Systems as well as the laboratory exercises that were performed during the semester. Consideration must also be given to laboratory protocol, industry standards, codes of practice, occupational safety protocols and risk assessment in undertaking this project. 3.2 Time Management Schedule The following table illustrates the time management system used to complete this design project; Week # Designated Tasks Completed 1 Thorough research was done on fluorescent lamps to better understand the system. A Safety and Risk Assessment was done with respect to the design project. 2 Specification sheets for acquired after collecting the required information from the ballast, relay, etc. 3 The start/stop switch was designed and used together with the relay to power the fluorescent lamp. Key parameters were measured from the circuit. 4 A mathematical model of the relay system was determined. Using this model, the force required to activate the relay was determined. Also, the load current to get the fluorescent lamp to light was determined. 5 The existing power factor was measured and it was improved to 0.9 lagging with the use of a capacitor. 6 Proof read report and get accustomed to fluorescent lamp system in preparation for oral exam. Table 1 showing Time Management System used to finish the design project. Development of the Mathematical model of the Relay A mathematical model of the system must be done as the system is required to operate within specified parameters. Firstly, a model of the relay was done to determine it parameters. The following indicates how this system was modelled; Amperes Circuital Law states that the line integral of the magnetic field intensity, H, around a closed path in the magnetic field is equal to surface integral of the current density, J, over any surface bounded by the closed path (Defour, 2011). This implies; The magnetomotive force is a product of the number of turns in the coil and the current flowing through the coil. => [Eqn 2] [Eqn 3] Since we are using a ferromagnetic material, the magnetic field intensity H, can also be stated as; [Eqn 4] [Eqn 5] [Eqn 6] and F are constant in the above equation. This implies that is directly proportional to F, providing that all variables above remain constant. [Eqn 7] The above equation is similar to ohms law. Hence, the reluctance in this circuit can be treated as the resistance of the system, the force as the voltage through the circuit and as the current flowing through the circuit. Figure : Magnetic equivalent circuit Reluctance can also be stated as; [Eqn 8] If current is applied to the coil in the circuit above, the magnetic flux would vary. This change in magnetic flux is given by the equation; [Eqn 9] The above equation gives the change in magnetic flux for one turn of the coil. Hence, for N turns, the following equation is used; [Eqn 10] [Eqn 11] [Eqn 12] When equations 11 and 12 are substituted for and F, the following equation is formed; [Eqn 13] The inductance of the coil remains constant in the above equation. Hence, the flux linkage through the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing through the coil. [Eqn 14] When equation 13 is substituted into equation 14, the following equation is formed; [Eqn 15] However, V can be determined as the potential difference across the coil, R as the resistance of the coil and e as the emf of the coil; [Eqn 16] However, [Eqn 17] Figure : Electrical equivalent circuit The above circuit can be used to measure power in the circuit. Power is the product of current flowing throught the circuit and the voltage across the circuit. Multiplying equation 16 by the current flowing through the circuit gives the power as seen in the following; [Eqn 18] The following equation states that the energy supplied from the source to the field; [Eqn 19] The law of conservation of energy states that energy is always conserved. The following equation shows this conservation of energy; [Eqn 20] Flux linkage across the coil can be thought of as constant. This is flux linkage is assumed as the displacement of the armature occurs rapidly. Using Faradays law of Induction, the coil does not have an emf induced across it as ÃŽÂ » is constant. [Eqn 21] The above equation implies that there is no energy flowing from the supply source to the coil. As such, equation 20 can be stated as follows; [Eqn 22] Taking into account the law of conservation of energy and the above equation, some energy must be lost from the magnetic field to the mechanical system. When a curve is drawn, the area under the curve illustrates the magnetic field energy lost to the system. [Eqn 23] [Eqn 24] As varies, the energy lost is supplied by the coupling field. The following equation states the energy lost; [Eqn 25] => [Eqn 26] When equation 26 is substituted into equation 24, the force can be determined as follows; [Eqn 27] When equation 14 is substituted into equation 27; [Eqn 28] Consideration of System Requirements Determination of the magnitude of inductance required to light the Lamp Since an inductive ballast is used in this fluorescent lamp system, it has a certain amount of inductance and resistance. Thus, the ballast can be considered as an RL circuit. The following diagram shows the equivalent circuit for the ballast; Figure : Equivalent circuit for the ballast The following equation is used to calculate the impedance of the circuit relay; Determination of the magnitude of inductance when armature is turned on/off Coil Inductance with Armature Off The following equation is used to calculate the impedance of the circuit relay; Coil Inductance with Armature On Deenergize The following equation is used to calculate the impedance of the circuit relay; From the specification sheet, the inductance of the coil was specified as; Inductance of Coil with Armature Off at 120V = 15.04H Inductance of Coil with Armature On at 120V = 7.19H The calculated values for the inductances vary significantly. This can be explained by taking into consideration the tolerance levels associated with the rated current. Also, the reaction time of the was slightly off and this resulted in a different current being taken than the actual current value. Determination of the load current required to activate the relay To determine the minimum current required to activate the relay, an analog voltmeter was used in series with the potentiometer. As the resistance of the potentiometer is not fixed, it was used to determine when the relay would activate. The resistance was varied and just as the relay was activated, the voltmeter was used and the minimum current required to activate the relay was determined. The load current was determined as Determination of the force required to activate the relay The length of the air gap was determined to be approximately 1mm. The minimum current required to activate the relay was determined as Using the specification sheet, the inductance of the coil was determined; Inductance of Coil with Armature Off at 110V = 13.38H Inductance of Coil with Armature On at 110V = 5.69H The following equation was used to determine the force required to activate the relay; Thus, the force required to activate the relay is 1.03N. Determination of key circuit parameters Parameter Unit Value Voltage across relay V 99.5 Min. current to turn on the relay mA 21.8 Resistance, R ÃŽÂ © 1.464k Coil Inductance (Armature off) H 13.38 Coil Inductance (Armature on) H 5.69 Length of Air Gap m 0.001 Inductance of Ballast H 363.82 Parasitic Resistance of Ballast ÃŽÂ © 339.8 Table 3 showing key circuit parameters. Design of start/stop switch Relay A relay is basically a circuit which is used to control/operate another circuit. The relay can be described as an 8-pin relay and base. A coil is located within the relay and it produces a magnetic field when current flows through it. This field causes a contact to change from its original location to another resulting in the circuit being opened or closed. The relay together with the starter was used to power the fluorescent lamp. The following diagrams illustrate the 8-pin arrangement of the relay used; Figure : Arrangement of the 8-pin relay used The above diagram on the left shows that this type of relay is a double pole double throw (DPDT) type relay. The double pole states that two contacts are closed while the double throw states that there are two different paths of conduction within the relay. In this relay system, there are two switches being manipulated. When a voltage is dropped across contacts 2 and 7, a magnetic field is created within the relay. For this magnetic field to be created, the coil in the relay becomes energized and this produces the magnetic field which in turn manipulates the contacts. Contact 1 connects to contact 3 and contact 8 is connected to contact 6. Also, as seen on the diagram, contacts 4 and 5 remain normally closed until activated. The relay is significant in this design project as it controls the current flow. Thus, no large current is exposed to any personnel. (NOT SURE IF TO PUT TRADEMARK) Switch The following diagram illustrates the circuit used to design the start switch; Figure : Schematic Diagram of Circuit Used The switching circuit has three main switches; Normally open switch (NO) Normally closed switch (NC) Start switch The normally open switch indicates whether or not current flows through the circuit. When this switch is flipped, the contacts are connected allowing current to flow. The switch being used must be pushed down in order to complete the circuit to allow current to flow. The normally closed switch will allow current to flow through the circuit normally. In contrast to the normally open switch, when the normally closed switch is pushed, the contacts become disconnected, interrupting the current flow. The start switch is used to turn on/off the fluorescent lamp. If the contacts are connected, then current will flow. Thus, when the start switch is flipped, the fluorescent lamp will be turned on and hence light is given off. In this design project, the normally open and normally closes switches were placed in series with the power supply and terminals 2 and 7. Contacts 1 and 6 were placed in parallel with the normally open switch as shown in the above figure and contacts 1 and 6 were placed across the normally closed switch. When the magnetic field is created in the coil, the contacts in the relay change position and connect to contacts 3 and 6. This configuration was used as the normally open and normally closed switch determines whether the fluorescent lamp is turned on/off. When the normally open switch is pushed, the circuit is closed and the fluorescent lamp lights. When the normally closed switch is pushed, the circuit is open and the fluorescent lamp is turned off. Explanation of the System The voltage rms of the system was determined to be 117.5V. The real power of the system was determined to be 22.5W. The rms voltage determined is equivalent to the phasor voltage of the system. Hence, the phasor current can be determined as follows; The supply voltage V, is calculated using the following equation; Since this is a purely inductive load, the angle at which the current phasor lags the voltage phasor is determined as follows; Hence, the voltage phasor is determined as follows; The current flowing through the lamp is considered as the real current of the apparent current. The following equation is used to calculate this lamp current; The reactive current flowing through the lamp is known to be out of phase with the supply voltage by an angle of . This reactive current was calculated using the following equation; The real current calculated above is placed on the horizontal axis. Hence, it is seen that the voltage phasor is in phase with this real current. The following diagram illustrates the relationship associated with the apparent, reactive and real currents; Figure : Phasor Diagram for System without capacitor A capacitor was used in the design to correct the power factor to at least 0.9 lagging. This capacitor does not affect the power given off by the motor in the system and as such, the current is constant. However, as this capacitor was added, the current from the source decreased when compared to the first current attained. The fluorescent lamp still requires a steady current flow to maintain the specified power. Hence, a current also flows through the capacitor. The system was required to be designed with a power factor of at least 0.9 lagging. Thus; It should be noted that the current flowing through the capacitor reduces the reactive current. Taking into account this corrected power factor, the following diagram illustrates the phasor diagram for the uncorrected power factor, corrected power factor and the capacitor current; Figure; phasor diagram showing currents with the inclusion of a capacitor As stated previously, with the inclusion of the capacitor, a new current will flow throught the system. This current is determined as follows; As seen from the phasor diagram above, form a closed loop. Using Kirchhoffs Current Law, the following equation was used to determine the current flowing through the capacitor; Futhermore; Hence, the capacitor need to correct the power factor to at least 0.9 lagging can be determined as follows; The capacitor determined above is significantly different from the value used. This can be explained by considering that various power losses occur within the system. Also, this capacitance was calculated using theoretical values and not values obtained in the lab. Hence, there would be a difference. From the above figure( phasor diagram for both power factors),

Reality, the Mind, and God Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

Reality, the Mind, and God The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Great Britain are marked by a general and persistent concern about threats to orthodoxy in religion. Many doctrines and views were seen as threatening: theories about the origin and nature of human knowledge, metaphysical claims about the nature of the world, claims about human nature, about the person and action. (Yolton 3) According to the major viewpoints held in metaphysics, one of the four major categories in the study of philosophy, there are three major ways to regard the constitution of reality. Materialism is "[†¦] the view that all that exists is material or is completely dependent on matter [†¦]" (Gould 421) in order to be perceived and to exist. This is one of the two major, extreme views that exist concerning the substance of reality. The other extreme view, idealism, is the belief that reality consists of mental perception and ideas, that "[†¦] what exists is either an idea or a perceiver of that idea" (Gould 437). According to this view, matter contains no material substance. All matter is comprised of a collection of ideas and the one who is accepting and interpreting those ideas. Beyond these two extreme viewpoints is one of the most popular beliefs concerning reality, especially in Western culture. The belief of dualism denotes that reality is a uniform combination of both material and non-material substance. This view states that reality is made of objects that contain material substance to them. But this perspective of reality holds that there is also a component to reality that depends upon the perceiver, what mental impression he obtains from the material substance, and how he can manipulate th... ...ry expression" (Thayer xv). And Newton’s influence on literary expression as well as philosophical reasoning can be easily seen when viewing the works of such famous writers as John Locke or Isaac Watts. Works Cited Bennett, Jonathan. Locke, Berkeley and Hume: Central Themes. Oxford: Clarendon, 1971. Damrosch, David, et al., eds. The Longman Anthology: British Literature. Vol. 1. New York: Longman, 1999. Gould, James A. ed. Classic Philosophical Questions. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 1995. Randall, John Herman Jr. Introduction. Thayer. ix-xvi. Thayer, H. S. ed. Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings. New York: Hafner, 1953. Watts, Isaac. "Man Frail, and God Eternal." Damrosch, et al. 2638. Yolton, John W. Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Minnesota: U of Minnesota P, 1983.

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda :: social issues

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda WRIT 140 September 11, 2000 Environmentally Conscious Propaganda Almost every single original concept today has become mainstream or shows a general trend towards becoming so. Propagandists realize this and often exploit these ideas, tainting their flavor of originality and creating a new generation of gullible â€Å"wannabes† who can partly adhere to any philosophy, but do not allow themselves to be inconveniences by certain doctrines. Anything that might elicit followers or have the potential to, has drawn the attention of these solicitor, yet one of the fastest growing target audiences today seem to be â€Å"nature lovers.† Three examples extracted from various sources reveal that advertisers are targeting a presumed cultural attitude that people today wish not only to save the environment, but also view nature as the idealistic existence in contrast with the mundane city life most people have accustomed themselves to. Next one must question, â€Å"What is the idealistic existence?† All three advertisements point to one notion or another but more often than not seem more different than similar. The fist two automotives ads for Toyota and Honda respectively both deal with the natural environment. However Toyota appeals directly toward nature lovers and those who share an outdoorsman spirit by asking the question of whether one would blend in with nature, or with traffic. The advertisement crosses both a machine and the environment, suggesting that a balance can be achieved between man and nature. The subliminal hint seem to be that the advertised 4-Runner will somehow help one tune into nature. The stance from the Honda Insight, however, is far from Toyota’s. Reaching for the environmentalist, the ad immediately grabs at people who are to some degree conscious of environmental concerns such as pollution. While not an â€Å"environmental movement all by itself† the insight does pollute considerably less than normal 4 cylinder and 6 cylinder vehicles. While not designed to adhere to â€Å"hardcore† environmentalists, it does appeal to the average person co ncerned with it. Car promoters also presume that while people today are concerned with the environment, most people wouldn’t lift a finger if they had to go out of their way. The average Joe would rather pass a piece of trash on the street than pick it up, because they would inconvenience themselves in the process. The Insight is accordingly partially battery powered, never needs to be plugged in, and is more of a convenience.

Stroop Ia

An experiment investigating the effects of interference on speed estimates during the Stroop task Nicharee Thamsirisup (Nid) IB Psychology Standard Level Abstract: This experiment is to investigate the effect of color interference in speed estimates of the Stroop task which was first researched by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. This can be investigated by seeing the time difference between the task of identifying colors when color words are printed in the same color as their semantic meaning (test #1) and when they are printed in different colors as their semantic meaning (test #2).The research hypothesis is that the average time will be higher in test #2 because of the interference in the color detection task. The experiment uses independent measures and opportunity sampling of bilingual students aged from 16 to 18 years old. The results supported the hypothesis since the participants who did test #2 took 8. 8 seconds in average longer than participants who did test #1. Introduction Th e aim of this study is to investigate the effect of interference on speed estimates during the Stroop task.The Stroop task was first experimented by John Ridley Stroop in 1935. The Stroop Effect involving the Stroop task refers to a phenomenon in which it is easier to say the color of a word if it matches the semantic meaning of the word. Stroop (1935) began investigating the phenomenon of interference by using a color-naming task. The experiment was called â€Å"â€Å"The Effect of Interfering Color Stimuli Upon Reading Names of Colors Serially† in which he conducted on seventy college undergraduates (14 males and 56 females).In the experiment, the participants were to do two tests, one test is with a list of words printed in black and another test is with a list of words printed in colors (red, blue, green, brown and purple) different from its name (e. g. blue printed in red). The colored words were arranged so that each color would appear twice in each column and row and no color were used succeeding each other but the words were printed in equal number of times in each of the other four colors (e. g. the word ‘red’ printed in blue, green, brown and purple inks or the word ‘blue’ was printed in red, green, brown and purple inks).Participants were asked to read the words as fast as possible and correct any possible mistakes. Results show that it took the participants an average of 2. 3 seconds longer to read 100 color names printed in different colors than to read the same words printed in blank1. Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)2 explained this phenomenon in terms of â€Å"automatic processing† where in the experiment of Stroop, reading skills are automatically triggered and intrude upon the intentional process of color detection task. Automatic processing occurs with very few to none conscious resources.Logan (1990)2 also stated that automatic processing can develop through practice as it will require less effort or th oughts and becomes more rapid to retrieve the appropriate responses to the stimulus. These automatic thoughts can be retrieved by accessing the ‘past solutions,’ for example, children will first use their fingers to do simple addition (e. g. 1+1=2), however, as more practice occurs, they will be immediately able to answer it just by seeing it within a second with no attention required. Design:The experiment used independent measures (participants only take part in one of the two tests) which reduced the practice and made it more difficult to speculate the aim of the study. In test 1, the incongruent condition, participants were asked to read a list of different words of the colors printed in different colors to their semantic meanings (e. g. the word BLUE printed in green ink). In test 2, the congruent condition, participants were asked to read a list f different words of the colors printed in the same color as their semantic meanings (e. . the word BLUE printed in blue ink. ) Also when they made a mistake, they had to correct it. The dependent variable is the time taken for the participants to read the list. The controlled variables include the font of the words, the number of words per test and the size of the paper used to present the list of words to the participants. The participants were given the consent form and were told about the procedures in the experiment before starting. Participants were allowed to withdraw at any point during the experiment and after completion f the experiment, they were given a debriefing note and the ability to choose whether they want their results to be used or not. The debriefing note and consent form will be attached in the appendix section. Participants: The participants in my experiment include 30 international students (15 males and 15 females) and they will be grouped into two conditional groups: incongruent condition and congruent condition where they will be presented with a list of 20 words specific f or that condition. The target population is bilingual adolescents with the age range of between 16 to 18 years old.The method of selection of participants was by using sample of opportunity because of the limited time given. These participants will be randomly assigned into the two groups or meaning that one person will do only do one test. Materials: * Test #1: List of 20 Congruent words (on one paper) * Test #2: List of 20 Incongruent words (on one paper) * Stop Watch * Pencil * Paper * Consent form (attached to the Appendix) * Debriefing Note (attached to the Appendix) Procedure: 1. Participants will do one of the two tests and will be informed about the instructions involving the task 2.The participant will be asked to sign the consent form of whether or not they would want to participate in the experiment 3. Instructor will present the participants with the list of 20 words (participants need to correct themselves when a mistake is made) 4. Participants will start reciting the words when they are instructed to or when the instructor has started timing 5. The time will stop when the last word is recited 6. After the experiment, participants will be debriefed about the Stroop Effect and the other theories being investigated 7. Participants have the right to allow or withdraw their results from the experimentResults: In Test #1, the mean for the participants to complete the stroop task where the color of the ink is the same as its semantic meaning is 13. 6 with a standard deviation of 2. 2. The time ranges from the fastest time which is 10. 6 seconds to the slowest time which is 18. 2 seconds. In Test #2, the mean for the participants to complete the stroop task where the color of the ink is different from its semantic meaning is 22. 4 with a standard deviation of 4. 1. The time ranges from 16. 1 to 31. 3 seconds. The mean and the standard deviation are taken into account because it is assumed that the results will form a normal distribution.The mean is the average time of all the time of the participants and the standard deviation is the measure of how spread out the numbers is from the mean. The median and the range are not taken into account. Test Number| Mean| Standard Deviation| 1| 13. 6| 2. 2| 2| 22. 4| 4. 1| *The procedures for finding the mean and standard deviation are in the appendix Discussions Discussion of Results: Even though there were variations from the original Stroop experiment, it is able to investigate, with high reliability, the effect of interference in speed estimates during the Stroop task.The results show accuracy with the Stroop task done in 1935 by John Ridley Stroop since there is a significant difference between the amount of time a person took to complete the task where the colors were congruent with their semantic meaning (Test #1) and where the colors were incongruent with their semantic meaning (Test #2). The participants took a longer amount of time to complete test #2 compared to test #1. The differ ence between the averages of these two tests is 8. 8 seconds. Most of them participants in Test #1 took around the same amount of time to complete the task as can be seen by the low standard deviation of . 2, but in test #2, the amount of time among the participants was more spread out (S. D=4. 1). One possible explanation for this is the participant’s level of English proficiency, since if a person is more fluent in English, he or she may be able to identify the colors more quickly as compared to a person who is not as fluent. The outcome of this experiment can be explained through Schneider and Shriffin’s theory of automatic processing where the participants in test #2 took longer time because the process of reading interfered with the color detection task.Since reading has become practiced very often, it is automatically activated without the person’s consciousness, therefore, it requires more attention for the participants in this group to correctly identify the colors without just reading the word. The participants in test #1 were able to identify the colors faster since after reading several words, the participants will read the words without any interference from the difference in the word’s semantic meaning. Limitations and Improvements: The results from the experiment have low generalizability since this experiment was conducted on bilingual students aging from 16 to 18 years old.There may be other factors which may cause the participants to identify the colors faster e. g. being an English native speaker. Some of the participants also didn’t correct themselves when they have misread the color so two seconds were added into some of the results (interrupting the participants and make them correct their mistake was avoided since this would impact the results even more). Some of the participants who did test #1 also started reading the word itself after seeing recognizing the pattern and ignoring the real task which is to identify the color. This can be improved by adding an incongruent word (e. g. he word BLUE printed in RED) into the word list of test #1 and informing the participants in the instructions so that the participants will concentrate on identifying the colors. To improve the sampling group, we can change the sample group to a wider range of age for example from 10-30 years old instead. Despite the limitations, the result is still accurate since there is a supporting theory and it agrees with the result of the Stroop task in the original experiment. APA List of References: 1. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Journal of experimental psychology. Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions,XVIII(6), (p647-649). . Hill, G. (1998,2001). Oxford revision guides a level of psychology. (p. 118) Oxford University Press. Appendix: Consent Form * I have been informed of the nature and procedures involved in the experiment * I understand that I have the right to withdraw at any point after the experim ent has begun * I will not be harmed in any way upon participating in the experiment * I understand that my identity will not be connected to my data and that all information I provide will remain confidential * I will be debriefed at the end and be able to know my resultsBy signing this form, I have read the above information and agreed to give my consent to participate in this experiment: Printed Name:____________________________ Signature: _______________________________ Debriefing Note You have just been tested on the Stroop task, producing the Stroop Effect whereby you read the word itself faster than you could identify the color you see. This can be explained through the theory of â€Å"Automatic Processing† in which the process of reading becomes practiced so often that it is automatically activated without you being conscious.The process of reading is automatically triggered because you are conditioned to reading and this interferes with the task of color detection. T hank you for your participation in the experiment. Instructions: After you have signed the consent form, in the following minutes, you will be presented with a list of 20 words. You have to read out loud the color that the words are printed (not the word itself) in order that they are presented. You will be timed while reading these words out loud. If you have made a mistake, please correct yourself before continuing the next word.You may start when you are ready. Materials: 1. 1. RED 2. GREEN 3. PURPLE 4. RED 5. BLUE 6. BROWN 7. BLUE 8. GREEN 9. BROWN 10. PURPLE 11. RED 12. BLUE 13. BROWN 14. PURPLE 15. GREEN 16. BLUE 17. RED 18. GREEN 19. BROWN 20. PURPLE List of 20 Congruent Words (TEST #1) 3. List of 20 Incongruent words (TEST #2) 21. RED 22. BLUE 23. PURPLE 24. BROWN 25. PURPLE 26. BLUE 27. GREEN 28. RED 29. BROWN 30. PURPLE 1. RED 2. BLUE 3. GREEN 4. PURPLE 5. BLUE 6. GREEN 7. BROWN 8. RED 9. GREEN 10. BROWN *The words were actually printed out in Times New Roman size 24 Raw d ata:Time for the Stroop task (sec)| Test #1| Test #2| 10. 6| 16. 1| 10. 7| 17. 1| 11. 2| 17. 5| 11. 7| 18. 4| 12. 2| 19. 9| 12. 2| 20. 5| 13. 3| 21. 1| 13. 4| 22. 5| 13. 8| 22. 8| 14. 5| 23. 8| 15. 1| 24. 1| 15. 2| 24. 4| 15. 9| 25. 5| 16. 4| 31. 3| 18. 2| 31. 3| Finding the Mean: Test #1 Using the formula x-=? xn where x– is the mean, ? x is the sum of all the terms and n is the number of terms x-=204. 415 x-? 13. 6 seconds Test #2 x-=336. 115 x-? 22. 4 seconds The mean was used since it is assumed that the population is a normal distribution Finding the Standard Deviation:For Test #1: Time (seconds) (x)| Mean (x-)| Deviation (d)(x-x-)| Squared Deviation (d2) (x-x-)2| 10. 6| 13. 6| (10. 6-13. 6)= -3| (-3)2= 9| 10. 7| 13. 6| (10. 7-13. 6)= -2. 9| 8. 41| 11. 2| 13. 6| (11. 2-13. 6)= -2. 4| 5. 76| 11. 7| 13. 6| (11. 7-13. 6)= -1. 9| 3. 61| 12. 2| 13. 6| (12. 2-13. 6)= -1. 4| 1. 96| 12. 2| 13. 6| (12. 2-13. 6)= -1. 4| 1. 96| 13. 3| 13. 6| (13. 3-13. 6)= -0. 3| 0. 09| 13. 4| 13. 6| (13. 4-13. 6)= -0. 2| 0. 04| 13. 8| 13. 6| (13. 8-13. 6)= 0. 2| 0. 04| 14. 5| 13. 6| (14. 5-13. 6)= 0. 9| 0. 81| 15. 1| 13. 6| (15. 1-13. 6)= 1. 5| 2. 25| 15. | 13. 6| (15. 2-13. 6)= 1. 6| 2. 56| 15. 9| 13. 6| (15. 9-13. 6)= 2. 3| 5. 29| 16. 4| 13. 6| (16. 4-13. 6)= 2. 8| 7. 84| 18. 2| 13. 6| (18. 2-13. 6)= 4. 6| 21. 16| n=15| | | ? (x-x-)2=70. 78| *The deviation can be found by subtracting the time by the mean of all the numbers (found earlier). The square deviation can be found by squaring the deviation and ? (x-x-)2 can be found by adding up all the squared deviation for different times. Using the formula for standard deviation: Where: = standard deviation ?= sum of x= each value in the set x-= mean of all values in the data set = number of value in the data set Standard Deviation= 70. 7815 ? 2. 2 For Test #2: Time Seconds (x)| Mean (x-)| Deviation (d) (x-x-)| Squared Deviation (d2) (x-x-)2| 17. 1| 22. 4| -5. 3| 28. 09| 17. 5| 22. 4| -4. 9| 24. 01| 18. 4| 22. 4| -4| 16| 19. 9| 22. 4| -2. 5| 6. 25| 20. 5| 22. 4| -1. 9| 3. 61| 21. 1| 22. 4| -1. 3| 1. 69| 22. 5| 22. 4| 0. 1| 0. 01| 22. 8| 22. 4| 0. 4| 0. 16| 23. 8| 22. 4| 1. 4| 1. 96| 24. 1| 22. 4| 1. 7| 2. 89| 24. 4| 22. 4| 2| 4| 25. 5| 22. 4| 3. 1| 9. 61| 31. 3| 22. 4| 8. 9| 79. 21| 31. 3| 22. 4| 8. 9| 79. 21| n=15| | | ? (x-x-)2=256. 7| Standard Deviation= 256. 15 ? 4. 1 Finding the Median: Since there is odd number of terms (15 terms), the median is the middle number which is number 8 when you organize the number in increasing order from smallest to largest: Test #1: 13. 4 Test #2: 22. 5 Finding the Range: The range is the difference between the largest and the smallest value of the data. Therefore, take the largest value and subtract with the smallest value. Test #1: 18. 2-10. 6 = 7. 6 seconds Test#2: 31. 3-16. 1= 15. 2 seconds Table: Median and Range of the two Tests | Median (sec)| Range (sec)| Test #1| 13. 4| 7. 6| Test #2| 22. 5| 15. 2|In Test #1, the speed or the time for the participants to compl etely read the words ranges from 10. 6 seconds up to 18. 2 seconds. The difference between the slowest and the fastest speeds (range) is 7. 6. The median for Test #1 is 13. 4 seconds. In Test #2, the speed ranges from 16. 1 seconds to 31. 3 seconds and the difference between the slowest and fastest speeds (range) is 15. 2. The median for Test #2 is 22. 5. * In test #1, most of the participants took around 13 to 14 and 15 to 16 seconds to complete the task . * In test #2, the histogram is skewed to the left where most participants spent from 16 to 26 seconds to complete the task.